V.three.5 together with the support of SimaPro LCA software 9.0. Considering that basalt fiber
V.three.5 together with the help of SimaPro LCA application 9.0. Considering the fact that basalt fiber JPH203 Activator production is determined by the availability of material sources, regional factors need to be taken into account. Based on accessible literature, vast sources of basalt are located in Iceland and Russia [28]. Even so, the scarcity of relevant data sources from Russia diminishes the relevance of this locality; as a result, Iceland is regarded a production area. Accordingly, the energy mix of Iceland is regarded. To provide a far more comprehensive and trusted comparison, transportation to Central Europe is integrated inside the calculationTable 4. Material and power inputs connected with basalt fiber production per functional unit. Input Water Basalt rock Lubricating oil Silicone Electrical energy All-natural gas Diesel Quantity/FU 748.0 kg 1400.0 kg 2.1 kg 4.0 kg 1.2 MWh 12.5 GJ 12.4 LData describing the environmental load accompanied with steel fiber and concrete production have been adopted from Yin et al. [29] and Jabbar et al. [15]. 2.2.three. Transportation Distances As mentioned above, the local scarcity of basalt Ziritaxestat supplier quarries distorts the LCA comparison if adequate transportation to concrete plants is neglected. As a way to overcome this concern, the concrete production plant in the Czech Republic was viewed as. This assumption requires the calculation of sea ship transport and consequent truck transport in the Iceland basalt fiber production factory for basalt fibers. However, the steel fiber reinforcement scenario demands only about 75 km transport by trucks. two.2.4. Program Boundaries and Limitations The performed analysis takes into account the direct consequences of consumed inputs (raw supplies, power, transportation, and processes), and alternatively resulting outputs within the type of final solutions and externalities. Within the scope with the analysis, the cradle-to-gate boundaries are made use of. 2.two.5. Life Cycle Influence Assessment The impact assessment system Influence 2002+ methodology was applied based on its complexity and broad acceptance by the scientific audience [30]. Effect 2002+ delivers a robust platform that involves 15 midpoint indicators for the characterization of many environmental footprints at midpoint levels as follows: Aquatic acidification (AC); Aquatic Ecotoxicity (AE); Aquatic eutrophication (AEU); Carcinogens (CA); Global Warming (GW); Ionizing Radiation (IA); Land Occupation (LO); Mineral Extraction (ME); Non-carcinogens (NCA); Non-renewable Power (NRE); Ozone Layer Depletion (OLD); Photochemical Oxidation (PO); Respiratory Effects (RE); Terrestrial Acidification/Nitrification (TAN); and Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (TE). The characterization at endpoint levels was performedEnergies 2021, 14,six ofby Human wellness, Ecosystem High-quality, Climate Alter, and Resources Consumption categories. The calculated benefits have been aggregated to a normalized single score and utilised for consequent characterization on the material functionality. 2.two.six. Environmental/Functional Assessment As a way to access the combined assessment of environmental and functional parameters, the eco-efficiency indicators introduced by Damineli et al. [31], also employed in numerous follow-up research [32,33], were adopted. The general environmental/functional efficiency Ex describing the environmental fees (represented by the normalized environmental single score) per functional unit of functional functionality (in this study, compressive strength, Rc; flexural strength, Rf; and tensile strength, Rt, had been u.
