Ole right and left kidneys guided by the CT images. The resulting quantitative data were expressed as ID/g. The calculation of AUC in the FDG renograph was performed by integrating the area in the time frame 0?0 min.RT-PCR AnalysisQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect the mRNA 
expression of SGLTs in the kidney tissue. After isolating total RNA using PHCCC site TRIzol, first-strand reverse transcription reactions were performed on 1 mg of total RNA using the TaqMan reverse transcription reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). mRNA levels 
were determined by real-time PCR using the Fast SYBRH Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a Bio-Rad CFX96TM real-time system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Expression of all genes was normalized to cyclophilin A-2 expression using the standard DCT method. The primer sequences used for amplification of SGLT1, 2, 3a, and 3b are listed in Table 1.Materials and MethodsAll animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.Mice and Anti-GBM Nephritis ModelThe mice (12961/SvJ) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory. All mice were maintained in a specific pathogen?free colony. Two to 3-month-old female mice were used for all studies. To induce anti-GBM nephritis, we first sensitized the mice on day 0 with rabbit IgG (250 mg/mouse, intraperitoneal injection), in adjuvant, as described previously [9]. On day 5, the mice were challenged intravenously with rabbit anti-GBM IgG (200 mg per 25 g body weight, in a 300 mL volume).Statistical AnalysisStatistical analyses were performed by unpaired two-tailed t test using GraphPad Prism 5.0. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p,0.05. All results are presented as mean 6 standard deviation.Determination of Renal Function and Pathological ChangesBlood and 24 h urine samples were collected on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for the measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and proteinuria, respectively. Three to five animals were sacrificed on day 0, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. The kidneys were excised and processed for histopathological examination by light microscopy. Three micrometer sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded kidney tissues were cut and purchase SC 1 stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The evidence of pathological changes in the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial areas was examined in a blinded fashion. The glomeruli were screened for evidence of hypertrophy, proliferative changes, crescent formation, hyaline deposits, fibrosis/sclerosis, and basement membrane thickening. Likewise, the tubulointerstitial injury was gauged by the presence of tubular atrophy, inflammatory infiltrates, and interstitial fibrosis.Results Renal Function and Pathological Changes in Anti-GBM Challenged 12961/SvJ mice: Inflammatory Changes and Progressive Renal FailureThe anti-GBM nephritis mouse model was successfully established in 12961/SvJ female mice as verified by renal function analysis and pathology. Both serum creatinine (sCr) and proteinuria peaked on day 14, and subsided thereafter (Figure 1A and 1B). In order to clarify the pathological changes in the diseased animals, three to five mice in the anti-GBM nephritis group were sacrificed on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Concurrent with the renal dysfunction, the anti-GBM nephritis mice exhibited increased glomerulonephritis (GN) (Figure 1C), dramatic crescent formation (.Ole right and left kidneys guided by the CT images. The resulting quantitative data were expressed as ID/g. The calculation of AUC in the FDG renograph was performed by integrating the area in the time frame 0?0 min.RT-PCR AnalysisQuantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to detect the mRNA expression of SGLTs in the kidney tissue. After isolating total RNA using TRIzol, first-strand reverse transcription reactions were performed on 1 mg of total RNA using the TaqMan reverse transcription reagent (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR using the Fast SYBRH Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems) on a Bio-Rad CFX96TM real-time system (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Expression of all genes was normalized to cyclophilin A-2 expression using the standard DCT method. The primer sequences used for amplification of SGLT1, 2, 3a, and 3b are listed in Table 1.Materials and MethodsAll animal studies were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.Mice and Anti-GBM Nephritis ModelThe mice (12961/SvJ) were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory. All mice were maintained in a specific pathogen?free colony. Two to 3-month-old female mice were used for all studies. To induce anti-GBM nephritis, we first sensitized the mice on day 0 with rabbit IgG (250 mg/mouse, intraperitoneal injection), in adjuvant, as described previously [9]. On day 5, the mice were challenged intravenously with rabbit anti-GBM IgG (200 mg per 25 g body weight, in a 300 mL volume).Statistical AnalysisStatistical analyses were performed by unpaired two-tailed t test using GraphPad Prism 5.0. Differences were considered to be statistically significant at p,0.05. All results are presented as mean 6 standard deviation.Determination of Renal Function and Pathological ChangesBlood and 24 h urine samples were collected on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 21 for the measurement of serum creatinine (sCr) and proteinuria, respectively. Three to five animals were sacrificed on day 0, 7, 14, and 21, respectively. The kidneys were excised and processed for histopathological examination by light microscopy. Three micrometer sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded kidney tissues were cut and stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS). The evidence of pathological changes in the glomeruli, tubules, or interstitial areas was examined in a blinded fashion. The glomeruli were screened for evidence of hypertrophy, proliferative changes, crescent formation, hyaline deposits, fibrosis/sclerosis, and basement membrane thickening. Likewise, the tubulointerstitial injury was gauged by the presence of tubular atrophy, inflammatory infiltrates, and interstitial fibrosis.Results Renal Function and Pathological Changes in Anti-GBM Challenged 12961/SvJ mice: Inflammatory Changes and Progressive Renal FailureThe anti-GBM nephritis mouse model was successfully established in 12961/SvJ female mice as verified by renal function analysis and pathology. Both serum creatinine (sCr) and proteinuria peaked on day 14, and subsided thereafter (Figure 1A and 1B). In order to clarify the pathological changes in the diseased animals, three to five mice in the anti-GBM nephritis group were sacrificed on days 0, 7, 10, 14, and 21. Concurrent with the renal dysfunction, the anti-GBM nephritis mice exhibited increased glomerulonephritis (GN) (Figure 1C), dramatic crescent formation (.
